Essay

Work in Progress!

Working title

"April 6, 2012 - Information about Biophotovoltaics coming soon!"[ https://biophotovoltaics.wordpress.com/ ]

Motivation: relevance for the students of the WdKA

The adventure of the moss table is relevant for the students of the WdkA because at least partly the curriculum is heading for conceptual design. In certain area's there is no objection to the approach of cenceptual design, for instance archictecture. But the moss table points to a type of project where an elaborated and convincing design is based on a mechanism which does not function. In that case the design becomes a convincing and powerfull suggestion of something which will never work. If you know about the field, you can appreciate the project on it's design value, but if you are unfamiliar with some specialized part of this hidden function you can easily be put on a wrong track.

Is it possible to discuss where the boundaries are for designers to present futuristic and conceptual designs? The moss table will be used as a showcase of this designer dilemma.

Intro

During a course the students WdKA Spatial Design visited the exhibition "Bio Design" in the New Institute in Rottedam.[1]

In the following course one of the students has been working on the design of a paviljon for a square in Rotterdam. She discovered that the square is covered with moss. She makes the connection with the Cambridge Moss Table [2] which was on display in "Bio Design". Based on this table, she calculated that around 12 square meters of moss will be needed to illuminate the paviljon during the night. She claims the 3W/m2 is proven or just a matter of time.
How could this table confuse the student, and with her the general public? The Cambridge Moss table is the result a collaboration between scientists researching on alternative methods to generate energy and designers at the University of Cambridge. The scientist garantees the "truth" of the research, the designer helps to convey the message and convince the public. The designer statement is a beautiful table with a lamp attached. In pictures this lamp is shining, at the exhibition it is indicated that the lamp cannot yet be lit by the moss. The public praises the moss table enthusiastically: "people's choice" prize 2012.

After 2011 there is no news about the claim of 3W/m2 of moss. Remarks about the hypothetical character of this research don't convince the student. One can think of forest, which are damp and cold but are covered with this moss. One cannot really imagine this moss is generating 3W/m2, it would warm up the Earth when this was true. These arguments don't not convince the student - the lamp and "science" have had a lasting effect.
A year later the student still firmly believes in her concept, or she formulates it differenty: if this table has been appreciated that much, I as a stduent can use this principle in my design projects, technician will solve the problems.
Who will claim otherwise? In the past severe constraints have been cleared by technological advance and reasoning afterwards is much more easy than claiming what will happen in the future.
The question is: To what degree can a designer, not an expert in technology, ignore technological barriers. How realistic should a designer be in "proving" future possibilities? Architects, for instance have always produced sketches of buildings which were out of current possibilities.

What is the Cambridge Moss Table?

Looking closer at the moss table as a project:
This table is designed by a team of designers and scientists at Cambridge University[3]. It is called a prototype table and a showcase of emerging technology[ ]. The aim is to point out the possibility of generating energy inside the home using simple moss plants. The design part of this project is meant to convey the message of the scientific research effectively by locating it as "table" inside a home and showing what can be done, generating enough energy for a normal household lamp. But the lamp does not function, which is indicated at the exhibition, but pictures on the internet show it illuminating a wall. Although the setup is not producing enough energy to power the lamp incorporated in the design in 2011 the technology is forecasted to be competitive with the solar cell within 5-10 years [4].

Description of the Design

The moss table is a white round table with at one side a table lamp. Moss plants are orderly arranged in the table top under a glass cover. The tale top is multi-layered. A table light is part of the table. The plastic legs and the frame of the table are indistinguishable from a basic camping table. The design contribution is in the way the moss plants are growing under a glass table top and the way the table light is added in the circular shape. The nicely arranged fresh moss plants under the glass are very appealing for the eye.

Why is the Moss Table made

The design of the moss table is a (design) project inside a (research) project, or even a design research around a scientific research. There is the scientific research into the possibility of generating energy from moss, and the research about the possibilities of generating interest for scientific research by using a designer:
"The moss table was produced as part of a research project called “Design in Science”, which set out to explore how designers might be able to support scientific research." [5] "Its aim is to explore how designers can play a role in early stage scientific research."[6]

About the predictions

Citing the numbers:
"Currently, the moss generates about 50 milliwatts per square metre (mW/m2). Scientists anticipate that future devices may be able to generate up to 3W/m2 (Strik at al., 2011). "[7]
Each one (moss plant?)generates a potential of about 0.4-0.6 volts (V) and a current of 5-10 microamps (µA).[8]
In a comparable article [9] on BPV is briefly mentioned the following: "voltage and amperage were measured in all the experiments, and even though voltage was always present, no amperes were observed.".
(In an added chapter, the numbers are compared with other ways for generating energy.)

Appreciation by the public

"As for the rest, it was more difficult to say. There were some beautiful aesthetic pieces, like the Meridian Audio M80, the Moss Table and the Prestige kettle, which drew the eye with their innovative design." [10]

"A moss table has won the People’s Choice poll to be included in the Design Icons: Cambridge Innovation Festival exhibition at Anglia Ruskin University from February 8 to 23." [11]

What makes the moss table attractive?

The moss table incorporates everything we are looking for: The table seems to provide nice, nearly "free" energy. The plants generating the energy are conveying the feeling of "green uncontaminated energy". Nobody nor even the moss plants seem to suffer for generating this energy. The energy will be created "inimidly" in our home, at our table, without interference or energy companies sending a bill. The environment is not polluted by generating this energy, we even add friendly environment by using moss plants. We don't need specially manufactured materials or technical complexity like very pure silicium needed for solar panels. The temptation of the predicted 3W/m2 is huge: charging your cell phone... The idea that these tiny lovely plants, growing in all forests will help us reduce the energy bill, while just growing inside our homes is a marvellous promise.

Critical remarks

On the internet no critical remarks about the mosstable or the BPV research are found. The promises from 2011, that moss will produce within 5-10 year 3W/m2 is apparently accepted. The only critical factor is time: after this table no new facts about BPV or moss are published.

The short statement in a comparable project of an energy generating plant wall mentioned above about the measured voltage without any current did not stop the designers at all. The designers continued in this article with very convincing graphics and every aspect of this energy generating wall was carefully reflected upon and explained visually.

But what is the value of these graphical details when the reason why you make this design is apparently not functioning?

The point where the moss table becomes suggestive is the lamp. The moss table without the lamp, just stating the fact that moss plants can generated a little bit of energy is perfectly acceptable. By adding a lamp inside the design you clearly suggest that these tiny plants will be able to generate enough energy for this lamp. The designers are not experts in these highly specialized technological fields and can only believe the scientists working on these experiments.

Without the lamp the convincing aspect is lost. The public is aware of many electrical phenomena, like static or tribo electric energy, which gives you a shock sometimes when you pull a sweater over your head. The public knows that this is indeed electricity which can hurt, but nonetheless it isn't energy to charge your cell phone.

That moss plants can also generate small amount of energy is not known by the public. Then some educational action is required to push the imagination. For that push the lamp was chosen.

Other research on energy from plants

Research of energy generated by moss can be categorized within the domain of biofuels.[12]. The pro's and con's of biofuels are clear. If plants are used to generate energy, expecially edible plants like potatoes, potential foodstocks could be transformed into energy plants. For the wealthy part of the world this is an advantage, for the poor poeple it could mean a disaster.
The moss research is also part of solar power, because photosynthesis is the mechanism which produces energy from sunlight.

• photosynthesis

This research from the University of Georgia (2013) is done directly inside the photosynthesis cycle of the plant. [13]
The article states: "There is obviously a great deal that would still need to be done before such a technology could be commercialized, but it’s definitely an interesting one…." The claims are modest: "In the near term, this technology might best be used for remote sensors or other portable electronic equipment that requires less power to run,” Ramasamy said"
The difference with the moss table or the project "Solarfiber" (see below) is that this scientist does not add a statement like the lamp or a dress charging a cell phone (suggestive claim of Solarfiber.nl.
In this way the research is totally acceptable as an experiment to explore new ways of energy generation.

• Potatoes

Potatoes are investigated as batteries by a tam from the University of California, Berkeley.[14] . The description is simple. It is stated that an LED can be lit on a potatoe. No over extended claims are made.

About conceptual or futuristic design

Technical problems in these days, as experienced by the general public seem to be insignificant, because of the enormous advance of technology on all levels everywhere. The public is not impressed by low figures of generated energy and believes the promise of 3W immediately. There is also a will to believe this is possible, because this kind of energy seems humain and friendly.

Design as a product must also have the auro of the "new", exclusive, clean, of the future. Design wants to facilitate the user. Design plays a role in acceptance of technical devices.

By putting design on the edge of the future it is something which belongs to the past earlier than products which are not "designed". An example of this process is the Imac of Apple. How wonderful this computer seemed to be when we saw it the first time and how plump it looks and heavy is feels now that we are used to the flat laptop.

Architects have always produced sketches of imaginary buildings.

Science fiction films display a big array of events which will never happen or function with our current level technology even if this extended at the maximum, like time travel, making other planets habitable, communicating with people at the other end of the universe etc. This does not bother the public, because it is clear to be a dreamlike invention.

Comparable Conceptual Design

Solar Fiber Comparable Design and design philosophy can be found in the solar fiber project [15]. The fact that the fibers do not capture the light in any significant amout doesn't hinder the designers to promise that you can charge your cell phone with this principle. In private communication the conviction that technology will improve the cell phones, consuming less energy, and the solar fiber (more energy) is deeply rooted.
We encounter again this "just a matter of time" argument of the student design working on the paviljon on the square with moss.

The Solar bike road This project is a recent example. Calculation and current experiments show that this bike road generates half the energy of solar panels at roof tops, together with a much larger investment (special protective glass and maintenance) doesn't hinder people to firmly believe in the concept of covering all roads with solar panels.
The difference with the moss table is that the solar bike road is a prototype which is generating energy. If this is only half of solar panels on a roof and even if the investment are much larger than solar panels this kind of project is clearly different from the moss table. A solar bike road may be doomed because other ways of harnassing solar power are more efficient it is clearly working and it is not suggesting to generate a multiple of the current energy "in the future".

Conclusion

The design part of the moss table generates a lot of attention for this way of generating energy. Designers are over extending the possibilities by adding elements which are demanding energy totally out of the domain of the moss plants like the lamp. The argument that maybe in the future when cell phones or lamps consume less energy this would be possible is evading the fact that this kind of project only generates small amounts of energy and will never light this kind of lamp nor charge our kind of cell phone. The firm conviction of the student mentioned in the introduction is evidence that the public is easily misled, also because it believes that science is backing this claim. Therefore designers should think twice before connecting the domains of energy generation and energy consumption in a way that is too easy. It will generate publicity, but on the long run it will make the claims of designers implausible and designers as persons unreliable.

Aditional Calculations

The given figures about the moss table, compared with other sources and experiments.

Mosstable: currently 50 mW/m2.[16]
Currently the table can produce about 520 Joules (J) of energy per day = 0.006 J/s (Watt) [17]
Predicted for moss: up to 3W/m2 = 3J/s.

In the article, these values are compared to a laptop consuming 25W (J/s).
The lamp fitted in the design table can be estimated at 10 - 25W.

Comparison with a solar cell: 5.2W [18], which is indicated to have enough power to charge your cell phone. My samsung cell phone uses 700mA at 5V for 4 hours meaning 3.5W during 4 hour is needed with an adaptor).

Comparison with a standard battery: 2000 mAh at 1.6V = 3.2 W during 1 hour.

Compare to solar power on a roof top: for Rotterdam, panel facing South [ http://solarelectricityhandbook.com/solar-irradiance.html]
From 0.80 kWh/m2/day in January to 4.98 kWh/m2/day in June = 1.38 W/m2

But considering moss:
Why moss and not another plant? The seasonal variation, a factor 7 for Holland, is this also valied for moss, since moss gets it's energy from light.