Wearables: First Steps

Intro

This is an introduction to working with soft electronics.Combining and entwining circuits and fabrics. We will go trough the fundamental knowledge of electricity and how we can use it in various ways to make soft interfaces.

Tools

3d printer

Material Research / 3D Printing over fabric

Hello wolrd: Soft circuit

For the hello world we will use an led as an output. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode) There are two things we have to take care when using LED. – LED has polarity. Make sure to connect LED in correct direction. You can tell the direction as the positive side usually has a longer leg, or a smaller triangle lead in the epoxy lens. Or a dent in the epoxy on the negative side. How much voltage and current does LEDs require to light up? It depends on the LED and you will need to check its datasheet to know exact specification. The voltage you need is called “(forward) voltage drop” and the current required is called “forward current”. Most of the normal (not super bright) LEDs light up somewhere around 2-2.5v and require 20-30mA.

– You will need to limit the current to suitable range. you can read here “why?” >> To limit the current, you need to add resisters in your circuit. You can calculate it yourself using Ohm’s law, or use online calculators like this one >> http://led.linear1.org/1led.wiz

simple

Lets s start my making the hello world of soft and any kind of circuitry:) And use the led we talked so much about.

Cut conductive fabric that has fusible interfacing on one side. peel off the backing paper and place it on base fabric. Make sure the iron is set to synthetic. Most conductive fabric is delicate. And you do also rist the glue from the interfacing glue to appear of the front.

You can cut each side or fold to make corners. In both cases we need to check if all connections are right. We will use the continuity setting.

We make a rectangular shape and leave both sides open. On one side we will clamp the battery, and on the other: sew the led.

Use pliers ( best rounf ones) to bend the led legs into hooks. That way it will be easy to sew.

Then we will use a clip to hold the battery in place.

Many options are possible of course. Both in materials and design. But we have to get started,

You can also use conductive thread to make the circuit.

with button

But be fore we start. Lets make the push button.

Resistance

Digital Sensors

Digital sensors are the sensors that gives 2 state (on/off, 5V/0V). You will connect them to digital Pins and set it as INPUT.
Digital data consists exclusively of 0s and 1s .
For example, consider a push button switch. This is one of the simplest forms of sensors. It has two discrete values. It is on, or it is off. Other 'discrete' sensors might provide you with a binary value.
Another example of a digital sensor is an accelerometer, which sends a series of data points (speed, direction, and so on) to the Arduino. Usually digital sensors need a chip in the sensor to interpret the physical data.

Analog Sensors

Analog sensors on the other hand, gives range. You connect this types of Analog sensors to Analog Input pins which is measuring the incoming voltage between 0V-5V*. Arduino converts this incoming voltage into the number between 0-1023.
Analog data is transmitted as a continuous signal, almost like a wave. In other words, an analog sensor doesn’t send a burst of 1s and 0s like digital sensors do; instead, the sensor modulates a continuous signal to transmit data.

Bend

One of the most powerful tools you can plug into your Arduino is a sensor, a small electronic device that enables the microcontroller to take readings from its surroundings, reacting in accordance to its program.
Digital and analog are two methods of transmitting information. The Arduino world uses both methods.
The Arduino reserves some pins for digital input and output, and others for analog. A servo’s data wire plugs into a digital pin, whereas an analog light sensor sends its data reading to an analog pin. Which pins are which? You can easily tell just by looking at the Arduino.

Pressure sensor / Force Sensitive Resistor

The resistance of an FSR varies as the force on the sensor increases or decreases. When no pressure is being applied to the FSR, its resistance will be larger than 1MΩ. The harder you press on the sensor’s head, the lower the resistance between the two terminals drops.

Basically, the conductive foam in which many ICs are shipped is, well, conductive. It has a high resistance, but that resistance decreases when the foam is compressed — in other words, a sort of primitive variable resistor. I used this property to create a basic pressure sensor. We will place a small square of foam between two conductive materials. The object must be secured ( held in place) by tape, or other means.
It’s definitely not a precision instrument, however. But, hey it is a self-made sensor and it works!

Tilt

EMF amp ( powerline sniffer)