Difference between revisions of "Swatch Making"
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Different small screens are available, like LCD (one color) and TFT (color). | Different small screens are available, like LCD (one color) and TFT (color). | ||
− | [[File:sr9.png|200px]] LCD screen, only some text and numbers. It can be used for data, like the temperature "at that moment". This means you cannot show the change in temperature during a longer time in a graph. | + | [[File:sr9.png|200px]] LCD screen, only some text and numbers. It can be used for data, like the temperature "at that moment". This means you cannot show the change in temperature during a longer time in a graph. |
For displaying data, graphs (say the temperature during a day) and pictures a small TFT screen can be used. The TFT screen has "pixels" line 160 x 128, and fonts, and an sd-card to store images. | For displaying data, graphs (say the temperature during a day) and pictures a small TFT screen can be used. The TFT screen has "pixels" line 160 x 128, and fonts, and an sd-card to store images. | ||
− | [[File:sr20.png|600px]] Some examples, the data are clear, the left: the three circles are representing R - G - B data of the incoming light. The circles are always touching, the radius is the number, this is a small algorithm. The middle is "art" the data are noised by the colored squares, the resulting image is a bit more than boring numbers, the right is a bar chart. | + | [[File:sr20.png|600px]] Some examples, the data are clear, the left: the three circles are representing R - G - B data of the incoming light. The circles are always touching, the radius is the number, this is a small algorithm. The middle is "art" the data are noised by the colored squares, the resulting image is a bit more than boring numbers, the right is a bar chart. |
− | [[File:sr21.png|800px]] Some examples, a graph can be seen, changing in time, boring numbers and a representation of a sensor array at the right. | + | [[File:sr21.png|800px]] Some examples, a graph can be seen, changing in time, boring numbers and a representation of a sensor array at the right. |
You could fit the screen on the fabric without any support - just sew it with threads. | You could fit the screen on the fabric without any support - just sew it with threads. | ||
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In all making this part of a swatch took me way longer than expected, the searching for the right way to use the TFT screen, and the development of the fabric window. Then the connection to the Lipo battery, with a switch, the programming and finding and making your own pictures, besides making graphs if data are displayed. The problem is also that your brains have to switch between many specifications, like sewing, electronics, programming, how to display data etc. This makes it practically impossible to do all in one day. | In all making this part of a swatch took me way longer than expected, the searching for the right way to use the TFT screen, and the development of the fabric window. Then the connection to the Lipo battery, with a switch, the programming and finding and making your own pictures, besides making graphs if data are displayed. The problem is also that your brains have to switch between many specifications, like sewing, electronics, programming, how to display data etc. This makes it practically impossible to do all in one day. | ||
− | |||
== Variable Resistance Knitting == | == Variable Resistance Knitting == |
Revision as of 10:01, 14 May 2020
in progress
intro
Making swatches for e-textiles.
The goal is to provide examples for simple and more advanced circuits on fabric.
The possibilities to make "soft" versions of electronic components like switches and battery holders.
preperation
Table with tools
Putting a special spool with conductive thread inside the sewing machine.
Lock Machine
Table with swatches
tools
Machines
- Sewing machine
- lock machine
- soldering station
- scissors
- needles
- stitch undo tool
electronics
- leds
- coin cell batteries
led conductive thread connection
Connecting the legs of the LED to the thread is always a bit of a problem.
There is a method making an eyelet of the leg of the LED and knotting the thread.
I trepide out a new way for me, with a small clamp:
materials
- non conductive materials
- conductive materials
- vlisofix plus aluminium foil
conductive threads
There are many different conductive threads. Some like the Karl Grimm silver thread can be soldered. Most others, which have a plastic kernel cannot be soldered.
For using conductive thread in my Janome sewing machine I have to change the bobbin holder. I then can put the stainless steel conductive thread in the spool.
All conductive threads have different properties. The most important property for the use in a circuit is the resistance. The resistance of a conductive thread can vary from very little (say less then 1 Ohm every 10 centimeters) to very high resistance, sometimes even kOhm or mOhm.
One of the swatches shows 6 different conductive threads.
On school we only have the stainless steel, which consists of steel fibers around plastic fibers. When you wash this thread it gets corroded, and will break down.
Many conductive threads can only be bought industrially and are not available for small consumers.
It is interesting to look at the conductive thread under the USB microscope, then you get a better understanding of the structure of the materials and you can understand why some of these threads break down easily.
The problem of the conductive yarn is that it is only available in industrial quantities. The only bigger spool for sale commercially (for us) is the sticky metal conductive: https://www.kiwi-electronics.nl/sf-dev-11791, otherwise you have to buy bobbins of 10 meter or so: https://www.floris.cc/shop/en/wearables/932-stainless-thin-conductive-thread-2-ply-23-meter.html
Copper wire
This is used for winding coils. It is isolated, although you "see" the copper. It is called enamelled copper wire. To be able to solder or connect this wire you have to scrape the enamel from the wire, using a knife or sand paper.
The enamel and the copper can be seen in this picture. The wire in the coil had to be repaired, it had to be scraped to be able to solder it.
The soldering material will only stick where the enamel is removed. Here the soldiered joint can be seen under the usb-microscope.
That is why in a knitting of this wire, there is not a short-cut (if the enamel is not damaged).
ideas
- fabric battery holder
- making a circuit
- connecting a LED
- making a textile switch
Failures
I especially also add the failures. Otherwise it would seem that everything fitted without any effort, which is not true. Sometimes failures are more interesting than results. Failures do keep you moving while results are finished - dead.
From these what we call errors you learn the most. For example, I thought I would get a better connection by making the stitch length smaller. But then the stitching on the heavy material gets irregular.
That induced me making a swatch of the different stitch length. It turned out that the default stitch length of the machine 2.4 mm was the best. I also tried out some decorative stitches, and the zig zags.
Starting to add embroidery, things got wrong. This is the material which reminds you of the difference between your lofty ideas and the materials. If everything would go smooth and without any hiccups, no jumps would be made, everything would remain the same. Jumps on the other hand cost time. Maybe time is being made by the failures and the jumps.
Starting embroidery combined with conductive thread, things didn't came together...
The loop in the wire of the fabric speaker....somehow, in the middle of the windings, a loop was formed at the other side of the fabric, resulting in 2 cm of wire which had to be removed.
fabric battery holder
The last battery holder I made functioned, but is was also a bit inconvenient, because it was cumbersome to get the coin cell out. It was too stiff and has only one entrance.
Therefore I designed another way, a battery holder with two sides open. The base fabric holds a pattern of conductive thread and is for the larger + side of the battery. The fabric on top has a nudge of conductive material that pushes on the - side of the battery. There is of course a loop going on the outside to the minus, preventing a short cut.
nudge on top of the fabric made with a zig zag three times on top of it.
With a needle the wire has to be pushed through the material, otherwise there will be a short cut.
Placing the upper side of the fabric battery holder.
The piece is sewn on the base fabric using a zig zag, so that we don't have to fold the side again.
Connecting the wire to the wire of the circuit.
Intermediate stages
Because the sewing machine has a special spool cylinder for the conductive thread installed, the fabric battery holders have to be made later.
Simple circuit, with one LED. The corner fold is the switch.
Circuit with two LED's in parallel.
results - Swatches with conductive thread
results - Swatches about circuits
Testing the simple circuit
Testing the parallel circuit.
A Fabric Switch
results - The Soft speaker
(still to be finished)
A soft speaker can be built, by using conductive wire and a magnet, in combination with a 555 timer circuit with LDR, with a 9V battery.
The sound is really soft! The tone is varying according to the light on the LDR.
The schema of the circuit: https://cdn.makezine.com/uploads/2014/08/555ss_bboard_4-3-ratio_annotation.png
The circuit on the breadboard.
Three versions of a soft speaker. To the left: copper wire, sewn on the fabric, in the middle, spiral of copper sheet cut with a lino cutter. To the right the conductive metal wire, embroidered on the fabric. The problem with this is that the metal "sticks" to the magnets.
See also: https://www.kobakant.at/DIY/?p=3652
results - 7 LED's in Folding
(still some details, like embroidering the title on the swatch, have to be done)
Using the folds of fabric to hide the LED's and to get the light of the LED's reflected from the surface.
Microcontroller: ATTiny85, with 5 I/O pins, and 7 LED's so using Charlieplexing. This circuit runs at 3V.
The ATtiny85 can be programmed simple within the Arduino environment, using the ATtiny plugins.
The code can be found here: https://github.com/contrechoc/charlieplexed-swatch
results - fabric and TFT screen
Examples/intro
For more advanced applications electronic components have to be sewn into the fabric.
Different small screens are available, like LCD (one color) and TFT (color).
LCD screen, only some text and numbers. It can be used for data, like the temperature "at that moment". This means you cannot show the change in temperature during a longer time in a graph.
For displaying data, graphs (say the temperature during a day) and pictures a small TFT screen can be used. The TFT screen has "pixels" line 160 x 128, and fonts, and an sd-card to store images.
Some examples, the data are clear, the left: the three circles are representing R - G - B data of the incoming light. The circles are always touching, the radius is the number, this is a small algorithm. The middle is "art" the data are noised by the colored squares, the resulting image is a bit more than boring numbers, the right is a bar chart.
Some examples, a graph can be seen, changing in time, boring numbers and a representation of a sensor array at the right.
You could fit the screen on the fabric without any support - just sew it with threads.
An application:
Project Laboratoire Aeroporté, 2019, Paillard, Poncé-sur-le-Loir
Project Laboratoire Aeroporté, 2019, Paillard, Poncé-sur-le-Loir
Making a Fabric window
For other applications the components have to find a place inside the fabric and have to be supported by the fabric.
This simple way to cut a rectangle in for example paper is not giving a nice result in fabrics.
Another way to construct a window must be developed. Other solutions are possible, depending on your virtuosity with fabrics.
Also the electronics becomes more complex, with many wires. Here "normal" electrical wires are used, not the conductive thread. With too many wires, and batteries and many components the wires have to be isolated.
Some pictures of the result.
Pictures can be shown, or graphical representations, like graphs with data.
Remarks: I used here "another" and cheaper TFT screen. Normally with the libraries of Adafruit these screens will be running in no time. Of course around 10 wires must be soldered between the TFT screen and the microcontroller. But this other screen had some other properties. So it took me a few hours to figure out what was "different" or which wires were sewn wrongly. In the end it turned out to be the backlight of the screen which must be used, an extra LED connection. Also it can be seen in the pictures that the SD card is the bigger size, while the Adafruit TFT already uses the micro sd-card. So it can be that I saved a few euro's but then you have to be prepared for other characteristics or "retro" parts...
In all making this part of a swatch took me way longer than expected, the searching for the right way to use the TFT screen, and the development of the fabric window. Then the connection to the Lipo battery, with a switch, the programming and finding and making your own pictures, besides making graphs if data are displayed. The problem is also that your brains have to switch between many specifications, like sewing, electronics, programming, how to display data etc. This makes it practically impossible to do all in one day.
Variable Resistance Knitting
A knitted tube from conductive thread or a combination of yarn and conductive thread can make a variable resistor. Depending on the ind of conductive thread the total resistance will vary when the tube is pulled out. The exact mechanism is the "touching" of the thread over the knitted loops. When pulled, the loops will be connecting more tightly, making the resistance lower.
Some values:
- smooth metal wire tube: from 2 Ohm to 1 Ohm (so not too much variability)
- Conductive wool: from 48 kOhm to 100 Ohm
- Conductive metal thread with sticky metal conductive thread 50 Ohm - 4 Ohm.
Knitting a tube with red yarn and grey metal conductive thread
The three different tubes, top: smooth metal conductive, middle: sticky metal conductive with red yarn, bottom: conductive wool thread
More tubes, with different yarn combinations, and the values.
See more details here: http://interactionstation.wdka.hro.nl/wiki/ResistanceKnitting
The swatch will contain an ATtiny85 with two led's. The second one will light up if the knitting is pulled. Depending on the resistance of the tube, there must be a second fixed resistor in the circuit, which has a middle value. The the analog PIN can be read and the microcontroller can see if the knitted tube is pulled.
SoftPotMembrane
An example of adding electronic components to fabric. The only "soft" part is the membrane but even this is relatively "hard".
Microcontroller: ATtiny85 - 8Mhz, + speaker 3V coin cell battery
SoftPot Membrane Potentiometer - 50mm
https://www.floris.cc/shop/en/flex-force/740-softpot-membrane-potentiometer-50mm.html
Datasheet membrane: https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Flex/SoftPot-Datasheet.pdf
The pitch of the tone from the speaker can be altered by touching the strip at several places. It also works as a capacitive sensor.
Script: https://github.com/contrechoc/swatches/blob/master/softpot_membrane
intermediate result, without an embroidered title.
Woven battery holder - ATtiny connected pithing the woven structure
A simple circuit with an ATtiny85, and two LED's. First you have to fold the side so that it forms a battery holder. The plus side of the coin cell battery must be on the woven piece, like the picture. The LED's will blink and if you come close to the ATtiny with your finger the blinking frequency will change - capacitive effect.
You have to press the battery on to the yarn.
Don't put the battery in the wrong way: the ATtiny85 will die!
intermediate result, without an embroidered title.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/contrechoc/albums/72157713148275338
https://github.com/contrechoc/swatches/blob/master/woven_batteryholder
3 Sensor swatches
ATtiny85 + LDR light sensor.
ATtiny85 + Force Sensitive sensor: https://www.floris.cc/shop/en/flex-force/738-force-sensitive-resistor.html
ATtiny85 + NTC Temperature Sensor: http://interactionstation.wdka.hro.nl/wiki/Thermistor
These swatches show in a simple way the working of these basic sensors.
In principle these resistors are voltage dividers, where the sensor is a variable resistance.
The data are thus "relative" to the values of the resistors, the data are not "real", not calibrated by the sensor. The data can be calibrated by the code, like the NTC.
Microcontroller ATtiny85
I am using this cheap microcontroller for many smaller projects. It is very cheap compared to the Arduino, but of course, just a few PINs and just a bit of memory.
You need a chip holder, unless you want to solder directly to the pins.
Pin view, chip holder, ATtiny85
The ATtiny is programmable inside the Arduino environment. But if you need all the memory, you can better program it in AVR.
Flashing the program is done with a programmer, the most convenient for the ATtiny85 (I think) is: Tiny AVR programmer - https://www.floris.cc/shop/en/home/996-tiny-avr-programmer.html
Comparing the sizes of Arduino, the Arduino Pro mini, and the ATtiny85
Slow and fast sensors
This swatch has a TFT screen, not sheltered in fabric.
Fast acceleration Sensor: ADXL345: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/adxl345-hookup-guide?_ga=2.89251487.561194753.1589359662-1975814699.1588796476 Slow environmental Sensor: BME680: https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-bme680-humidity-temperature-barometic-pressure-voc-gas/
The code: https://github.com/contrechoc/swatches/blob/master/fast_slow_sensor_swatch
The slow data are displayed as numbers, the fast data, acceleration as graphs in time.
The sensors are providing "real" data in physical units, temperature in degrees, pressure in bar, etcetera.
These two sensors are connected using the I2C protocol.
Sparkfun and Adafruit are also providing the libraries and example code.
The sensors are connected to a Arduino Pro Mini 3V (Be careful: the 5V connection is deferred to the RAW Voltage input on the microcontroller. Then this voltage is regulated to 3.3V.
References
A movie of "the" e-textile swatch book 2013: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcmxE24VdWA
Documentation of the e-textile swatch exchange books:
http://etextile-summercamp.org/swatch-exchange/category/2017/
http://etextile-summercamp.org/swatch-exchange/category/2016/
http://etextile-summercamp.org/swatch-exchange/category/2015/
http://etextile-summercamp.org/swatch-exchange/category/2014/
http://etextile-summercamp.org/swatch-exchange/category/2013/
Mika and Hannah: https://www.kobakant.at/DIY/
Many techniques and workshops are documented here:
http://etextile-summercamp.org/2016/
http://etextile-summercamp.org/2015/